Child Witness to Intimate Partner Violence Essay

Child Witness to Intimate Partner Violence - Essay Example The issue of violence against women by a spouse of intimate partner became a topic of contention primarily during the Women’s Movements of the 1970s (Murphy & Ouimet, 2008). In fact, all acts of violence within a family setting are now referred to as intimate partner violence (IPV). Most studies are based on the support that the affected partner needs when he or she is affected by domestic violence. But very few of them focus on the emotional and psychological aspects of children who are witness to intimate partner violence. It is a fact that children are affected by IPV, and it may result in mental and emotional trauma that can extend into adulthood. It is true that the primary stakeholders in IPV are the battered person (often the woman), the dominant partner and those socially responsible for correcting or preventing the problem. But it is also a fact that the children (common or of those belonging to either husband or wife) are also affected by it. A study titled ‘Survival of intimate partner violence as experienced by women’ states that â€Å"children exhibited panic disorders, mental problems and suicidal thoughts in later life† (Flinck, Paavilainen, & Kurki, 2005). This observation has been found in other studies as well, indicating that children who are witness to intimate partner crimes may also need emotional and psychological support. For example, â€Å"children cannot help but be affected by their experiences of abuse and violence but the impact of living with domestic v iolence can affect children differently† (Jones , 2006). The authors refer to such children as forgotten, silent or invisible victims of intimate partner violence. In case they are very small, later periods may find such children with development problems, language problems, and stuttering. There can also be instances of abnormal bedwetting and

Litigation, mediation, arbitration response Essay

Litigation, mediation, arbitration response - Essay Example major advantages of litigation is that it empowers people to come forward to take legal actions against abusers even after several years of the real incident. When the term ‘abuse’ is taken in broader sense, it involves physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, verbal abuse, financial abuse, social abuse etc. In that context, many of these issues can be sensibly resolved through arbitration and mediation. Hoffman (2nd post) has logically pointed out the swiftness of arbitration in his post. Arbitration in many situations increases the scope of immediate conclusion and reasonable settlement as compared to other alternatives. Hoffman’s view on litigation seems right, for all that matter in litigation is ‘to win over the other’ rather than getting justice. Ferdinand (3rd post) has technical knowledge in all forms of dispute resolutions. Although people consider litigation as the final alternative of resolution, it does not mean that a party cannot later return to an arbitrator or mediator for settlement. 1. The major function of the agency in which I work is to help people resolve issues associated with rent arrears. Admittedly, the dispute resolution service is operational, and it often replaces the formal courts and tribunal hearings with mediation and arbitration. How efficiently and swiftly an issue is settled depends on numerous factors including but not limited to the complexity of the issue, its nature, time required for documentation, position of the parties concerned etc. However, the average time taken for arbitration is three or four months whereas cases that deemed to be more serious are often given priority. since ‘seeking possession’ (The legal way of getting a person evicted) involves several procedures like getting a court order, notice of possession, notice of eviction etc landlords tend to choose third party arbitration. Hence, with regard to rent arrears issues, arbitration has been found more effective way when compared

Determinants and Correlates of Compulsive Lying

Determinants and Correlates of Compulsive Lying Sadiqa Parwar As quoted by Vladimir Lenin â€Å"A lie told often enough becomes the truth.† Compulsive lying is also called as pathological lying that is a clinical term in which an individual repeatedly and apparently compulsively tells false stories. According to out of the fog â€Å"compulsive lying is a term used to describe lying frequently out of habit, without much regard for the consequences of others and without having an obvious motive to lie. Compulsive lying is less self-centered or manipulative in nature than other kinds of lying. It is not oriented so much toward serving a person’s long term self-interest as it is doing what feels good at the time.† According to Charles et al., 2005 children use fantasy to deny reality for their self- protection and self-development. When it persists it becomes pathological in adulthood and pathological liars are consider that their ego is fixated in childhood. I am interested to write on this topic because I want to know the different reasons why people are lying? Secondly, it’s a controversial topic and psychological disorder. As a health care professional we should know the factors and impacts of such disorders so that we can interact with patients and their families who are experiencing compulsive lying disorder as well as we can provide support and effective care not only from medical point of view but also from psychological and social point of view. I encounter many people who are telling lies in routine and become a habit in their life. They feel right to lie and desire to lie even more but the people around them are suffering a lot as they are very fed up of listening daily lies. Moreover, people refuse them to involve in their social gathering and they donot even bother to help such patients out from this situation. There are many factors which contribute to compulsive lying disorder. Firstly, it is caused by antisocial personality disorder .In which symptom of irrational lying is seen in several methods like manipulation, exploitation and violation of individual rights of people around them. They tell lie for personal benefit and other reasons. Secondly, genetic factors and child abuse also leads to compulsive lying. Many children of parents experiencing this disorder also learns this behavior in similar way .Moreover, parents teach their children to do so or the child can pick up by watching his/her parents actions. Thirdly, Interdependence that means depending or relying of people on each other. Usually in a relation a habitual liar faces fear of losing their partner in telling truth at once. So they keep on lying day by day and at a time it becomes compulsive lying disorder. Conduct disorder is another cause of compulsive disorder and that is more prevalent among males weather young or old. Affected patients involve themselves in illegal activities like stealing, ganging and use of drugs. (Prof.Mental Health, 2011). In my opinion people lie because of emotional issues, neglect or some bad experience that has happened to them in past provoke such behavior. For example, I encounter a person from my village who is the best example here I want to share. He is habitual of telling lies on daily basis with his teachers at university as well as with friends. He used to miss classes by taking excuses from his teachers as saying like he has financial problem so he is doing job for his family. But it was not true; he used to sleep all the time at home. And the teachers gave him leaves and freedom in assignments in thinking of not put burden on him. He gained trust of his teachers by telling lies in such a way that teachers not able to pin point his lies for a period of time but at last his classmates who were very frustrated from his bad behavior objected to teachers and they fired him from university after learning his lying behavior. The etiological determinants of compulsive lying are hereditary vulnerabilities most of pathological liars belong from families with psychiatric and behavior problems. King and ford (1988) as cited in (Katie, 2012) found 10% patients had alcoholic parents and 30% had family history of neuropsychiatric illness. Moreover, Healy and Healy (1915) focused on childhood environmental factors in psycho-social determinants as cited in (Katie, 2012). In which they found five out of nineteen cases came from good homes, while two were born in poverty, two were raised by ignorant parents, six were raised in immorality home environment, six were parented by persons who lack appropriate parenting control, and one raise in unstable home situation. According to literature review the underlying risk factors are neurological impairment, psychosocial trauma and attachment disruption. King and ford’s (1988) as cited in (Katie, 2012) analysis they found 40% of cases reviewed had a history of central nervous system abnormality and head trauma. Poor self-regulation is the main considering cause of pseudologia fantastica. In psychological trauma and attachment disruption includes death of near and dear ones, adoption, separation from primary attachment figure, childhood abuse and parental psychiatric illness. Attachment disruption occurs when the surrounding and caregivers fail to fulfill and nurture the child’s needs and manage their distress. (Kagan, 2004) as cited in (Katie, 2012) The neuropsychological correlates of pathological lying are Compulsive lying effects on liars individually as well as their families. Here I would like to discuss one of the scenario which I felt has forced me to write this scholarly paper .I encountered a girl belongs to compulsive lying family. She used to lie in every moment despite of caught several times. Once for the purpose of promotion and impressing her boss she increased her educational status as MBA and submitted false documents but in real she was B.com. She was caught within few months and fired from her job. Still she was lying to people whoever asks about her lost job and saying that she was not interested in that job. Everyone knows about her lies and no one trusts even when she says a single truth .Her father also says that only a liar becomes successful and able to cope with his surroundings. He stated that â€Å"truth and honesty wins only in movies not in our real world†. Interventions: Compulsive lying is also called pathological lying in some articles and in others both are defined as differently. Which are so confusing and tough task to handle and very little specific articles are about compulsive lying. Pathological lying has been defined in many ways but its individual effect and possible etiological factors are not clear. Moreover, it is unknown whether pathological lying exists across cultures, whether having different subtypes and whether pathological liars present enough main and constant symptoms or cluster of symptoms to define clearly a clinical stuff suitable for allocation in the DSM. Systematic Collection of data will help not only in clarifying these puzzles, but also in determining whether pathological lying is always only a symptom, a syndrome, or a diagnosis which is also unclear. The treatment options available for pathological lying are also poorly researched (Charles et al., 2005). I recommend that epidemiologists should collect data about this disorder and there would be a literature available on compulsive lying for information and awareness to overcome its adverse effects. Conclusion: References Dike, C. C., Baranoski, M., Griffith, E. E. (2005).Pathological lying revisited.Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online,33(3), 342-349. Poletti, M., Borelli, P., Bonuccelli, U. (2011). The neuropsychological correlates of pathological lying: evidence from behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia.Journal of neurology,258(11), 2009-2013. Treanor, K. E. (2012). Defining, understanding and diagnosing pathological lying (pseudologiafantastica): an empirical and theoretical investigation into what constitutes pathological lying. Yang, Y., Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S., Lacasse, L., Colletti, P. (2005). Prefrontal white matter in pathological liars.The British Journal of Psychiatry,187(4), 320-325. Grubin, D. (2005). Commentary: Getting at the truth about pathological lying.Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online,33(3), 350-353.

Abortion: Where Do We Draw The Line? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Abortion: Where Do We Draw The Line? Possibly one of the most controversial court cases in our country's history was settled in January 1973. In a decision known as Roe vs. Wade, the Supreme Court legalized abortion in the United States (1). Now, according to the National Center for Health Statistics, abortion practices have become the most frequent surgical operation in the United States. But at what point is abortion just wrong? Only under certain circumstances should abortion practices be legal. Many would argue that abortion is wrong because as soon as the baby is conceived, it becomes a living, breathing organism. Therefore, aborting the small organism is simply murder. However, when Roe vs. Wade was decided, organizations like Planned Parenthood publicly supported this ruling, arguing that during the first three months of pregnancy, the fetus is nothing more than a mass of tissue (1). In addition to Planned Parenthood, there are also many religious organizations in agreement with the legalization of abortion. These organizations include American Baptist Churches USA, the Episcopal Church, Presbyterian Church USA, the United Methodist Church, and the United Synagogue for Conservative Judaism (2). But under what circumstances should abortion practices be accepted? As time passes, it seems as if more and more women are having abortions as a way of shunning responsibility. According to the AG Institution, fifty percent of women who have abortions use it as their sole means of birth control (3). This is one example of how abortion practice is being taken advantage of and used for the wrong reasons. In addition, approximately 45% of all abortions in the United States are done by women ages 19 and under. Why is this? Based on a survey of 1900 women in this country, the two most common reasons for abortion are: 1) the woman can not afford to keep the baby, and 2) the woman is not ready for the responsibility. These responses accounted for nearly 42% of all answers (3). However, these reasons are far from legitimate because these issues can be easily fixed. There are too many contraceptives and other forms of birth control to allow these excuses to be justifiable. So what are acceptable reasons to abort an unborn baby? For one, a mother's health should never be in jeopardy. Another understandable reason to have an abortion is when there could be possible health problems for the unborn child.

Psychological study: “Geenie the Wild Child!” Essay

The development of language comes naturally for most people; as they grow from an infant to a child. Noam Chomsky believes that languages are genetically pre-programmed by a language acquisition device in the brain. The deep structure of language and words is not learned. Yet the surface structures, such as phonetic sounds are learned. A few children do not master the basic foundation of language like in Genie’s case. Genie (and her mom) was victims of abuse and neglect inflicted upon them by Genie’s father. In November, 1970, Genie’s [a.k.a. â€Å"The Wild Child†] horrible plight was documented and this is my personal assessment of it†¦ I would think that Genie can one day master English (or another language) because of one specific reason: Genie’s brain, as slow and below average for a 13 year old as it was, did show some progression. Genie did have a 20-word vocabulary. She could correctly identify colors, she knew her mom and could say things like, â€Å"walk, door and No more.† However, this was not the case. After over 6 years of being observed, poked and researched by scientist, Genie never did master the English language. Also, Genie had a most bizarre and unfortunate life starting at the very moment she was born. In the beginning she was constrained and not given any attention. When she was discovered by the world, she was bombarded with attention from many researchers. From the multitude of research done on her, one bit of information that held true to Lenneberg’s theory is the inability to produce speech after puberty even when exposed to it. However, in the end the researchers became insensitive and overlooked Genie’s own well-being for scientific research.

Memory and attention

Dorothy Irene Height was born March 24, 1912 in Richmond, Virginia to Fannie Burroughs and James Height. Both of Height's parents had been widowed twice before and each brought children to the marriage. Fannie Burroughs and James Height had two children together, Dorothy and her sister Anthanette. In 1916 the family moved north to Rankin, Pennsylvania (near Pittsburgh) where Height attended public schools. Height's mother was active in the Pennsylvania Federation of Colored Women's Clubs and regularly took Dorothy along to meetings where she early established her â€Å"place in the sisterhood.Height's long association with the YWCA began in a Girl Reserve Club in Rankin organized under the auspices of the Pittsburgh YWCA. An enthusiastic participant, who was soon elected President of the Club, Height was appalled to learn that her race barred her from swimming in the pool at the central YWCA branch. â€Å"l was only twelve years old. I had never heard of ‘social action,' nor seen anyone engaged in it, but I barely took a breath before saying that I would like to see the executive director,† Height related in her 2003 memoir. Though her arguments could not bring about a change in policy in 1920s Pittsburgh,Height later dedicated much of her professionl energy to bringing profound change to the YWCA. In need of money to attend college, Height entered an oratorical contest sponsored by the IBPO Elks. Her speech on the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U. S. Constitution won her a full four-year scholarship. Turned down for admission to Barnard because the college's quota of two African-American students per year was already filled, Height instead went to New York University where she earned a B. S. in the School of Education in 1932 and an M. A. in psychology n 1934.From 1934-37, Height worked in the New York City Department of Welfare, an experience she credited with teaching her the skills to deal with conflict without intensi fying it. From there she moved to a Job as a counselor at the YWCA of New York City, Harlem Branch, in the fall of 1937. Soon after Joining the staff there, Height met Mary McLeod Bethune and Eleanor Roosevelt at a meeting of the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) held at the YWCA. In her 2003 memoir, Height described the meeting: â€Å"On that fall day the redoubtable Mary McLeod Bethune put her hand on me.She drew me into her dazzling orbit of people in power and people in poverty†¦. ‘The freedom gates are half ajar,' she said. ‘We must pry them fully open. ‘ I have been committed to the calling ever since. † The following year Height served as Acting Director of the YWCA of New York City's Emma Ransom House residence. In addition to her YWCA and NCNW work, Height was also very active in the United Christian Youth Movement, a group intensely interested in relating faith to real world problems. In 1939 Height went to Washington, DC to be Executive of the Phyllis Wheatley Branch of the DC YWCA.She returned to New York City to Join the YWCA national staff in the fall of 1944, Joining the program staff with â€Å"special responsibility† in the field of Interracial Relations. This work included training activities, writing, and working with the Public Affairs committee on race issues where her â€Å"insight into the attitude and feeling of both white and negro people [was] heavily counted on. † It was during this period that the YWCA adopted its Interracial Charter (1946), which not fght against injustice on the basis of race, â€Å"whether in the community, the nation or he world. Convinced that segregation causes prejudice through estrangement, Height facilitated meetings, ran workshops, and wrote articles and pamphlets aimed at helping white YWCA members transcend their fears and bring their daily activities in line with the Association's principles. In 1950 Height moved to the Training Services department where she focused primarily on professional training for YWCA staff. She spent the fall of 1952 in India as a visiting professor at the Delhi School of Social Work, then returned to her training work in New York City.The increasing omentum of the Civil Rights movement prompted the YWCA's National Board to allocate funds to launch a country-wide Action Program for Integration and Desegregation of Community YWCAs in 1963. Height took leave from her position as Associate Director for Training to head this two-year Action Program. At the end of that period, the National Board adopted a proposal to accelerate the work â€Å"in going beyond token integration and making a bold assault on all aspects of racial segregation. It established an Office of Racial Integration (re-named Office of Racial Justice in 1969) as part of the Executive Office. In her role as its first Director, Height helped to monitor the Association's progress toward full integration, kept abreast of the civil rights movemen t, facilitated â€Å"honest dialogue,† aided the Association in making best use of its African-American leadership (both volunteer and stafO, and helped in their recruitment and retention.

Quotations About Endangered Species

Quotations About Endangered Species People all around the world are talking about endangered species. Opinions circulate, facts are figured, and tempers have been known to flare. It becomes an interesting study to learn not only what makes a species endangered, but how people react to these species predicaments and what might be done to protect them The following is a list quotes by politicians, actors, authors, and other well-known public figures who, in one way or another, have felt a need to speak up on the issue of endangered species conservation. Notable Quotes Lawrence Anthony Workable solutions for Earth are urgently needed. Saving seals and tigers, or fighting yet another oil pipeline through a wilderness area, while laudable, is merely shuffling the deck chairs on the Titanic. Norm Dicks The Endangered Species Act is the strongest and most effective tool we have to repair the environmental harm that is causing a species to decline. Yao Ming Endangered species are our friends. Martin Jenkins, Can We Save the Tiger? When it comes to looking after all the species that are already endangered, theres such a lot to do that sometimes it might all seem to be too much, especially when there are so many other important things to worry about. But if we stop trying, the chances are that pretty soon well end up with a world where there are no tigers or elephants, or sawfishes or whooping cranes, or albatrosses or ground iguanas. And I think that would be a shame, dont you? Jay Inslee What is a fish without a river? What is a bird without a tree to nest in? What is an Endangered Species Act without any enforcement mechanism to ensure their habitat is protected? It is nothing. Bruce Babbitt Well, I think [Im most proud of] breathing life into the Endangered Species Act, taking those wolves back into Yellowstone, restoring the salmon in the rivers of the Pacific Northwest. Id say thats at the top. Alex Meraz Actually I do support a charity, Defenders of Wildlife. They help protect endangered species. Aldo Leopold, Sand County Almanac If education really educates, there will, in time, be more and more citizens who understand that relics of the old West add meaning and value to the new. Youth yet unborn will pole up the Missouri with Lewis and Clark, or climb the Sierras with James Capen Adams, and each generation, in turn, will ask: Where is the big white bear? It will be a sorry answer to say he went under while conservationists werent looking. Jack Hanna The snow leopard is absolutely magnificent. It represents really what endangered species are all about. Jim Saxton It is a drastic mistake to eliminate the provisions that have to do with the protection of habitat for endangered species. It is my opinion that the Endangered Species Act is 99 percent about protecting critical habitat. Dave Barry The real threat to whales is whaling, which has endangered many whale species. Steve Irwin Take the crocodile, for example, my favorite animal. There are 23 species. Seventeen of those species are rare or endangered. Theyre on the way out, no matter what anyone does or says, you know. Russell Banks Chimpanzees are endangered. Severely. Charles Clover, The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat Celebrity chefs are the leaders in the field of food, and we are the led. Why should the leaders of chemical businesses be held responsible for polluting the marine environment with a few grams of effluent, which is sublethal to marine species, while celebrity chefs are turning out endangered fish at several dozen tables a night without enduring a syllable of criticism? Bill Vaughan The whale is endangered, while the ant continues to do just fine. Source Clover, Charles. End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat. Paperback, Ebury, March 1, 2005.